Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is one of the most common oral health problems worldwide. It occurs when the hard surface of the tooth (which is called the enamel) is damaged due to the build-up of plaque. Plaque isn’t so nice but it is very normal, and the best way to describe it would be a sticky film of bacteria. If left untreated, tooth decay can lead to pain, infection, and even tooth loss. Like everything in dentistry, understanding what causes tooth decay is the first step toward preventing it.
What Is Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay is the destruction of the tooth structure caused by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth. It starts with demineralisation, where minerals are lost from the enamel due to acid attacks. Over time, these attacks create tiny holes in the enamel, known as cavities. If the decay progresses, it can affect the deeper layers of the tooth, including the dentin and pulp, leading to more serious dental issues. That’s why regular attendance to dental check ups is critical, alongside visits to see a dental hygienist, at least every six months.
What Causes Tooth Decay?
As Principal Dentist at tooth in London, this is a question I get asked so many times per day. It isn’t a one word answer, as there are several factors which contribute to the development of tooth decay. Here are the most common causes:
Poor Oral Hygiene
One of the main causes of tooth decay is inadequate, or poor, oral hygiene. Failing to brush and floss regularly allows plaque to build up on the teeth. The bacteria in plaque feed on sugars from the food we eat and produce acids that erode tooth enamel. This is really the easiest risk to manage, simply by brushing your teeth properly and at least twice daily, and using floss (or floss picks/dental picks), alongside regular visits to your dentist and hygienist.
Frequent Snacking and Sugary Drinks
Consuming sugary or starchy foods and drinks frequently throughout the day increases the risk of tooth decay. Every time you eat or drink sugar, the bacteria in your mouth produce acid that attacks your teeth for at least 20 minutes. Frequent snacking means your teeth are constantly under attack. Again, this is easy to remedy, eat at mealtimes, choose healthier, low sugar or starch snacks if you are snacking, and avoid sugary drinks wherever possible.
Dry Mouth
This is one that most people don’t consider, but as saliva helps neutralise acids and wash away food particles, a dry mouth or a lack of saliva, increases the risk of tooth decay. This is because it allows acids to stay in contact with the teeth for longer periods. Dry mouth can be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle choices such as smoking. If you are having issues with a dry mouth, speak to your Dentist.
Poor Diet
A diet lacking in essential nutrients can weaken your teeth and gums, making them more vulnerable to decay. Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are crucial for maintaining strong teeth. This is something that all of us are in control of, but as a regular person as well as a Dentist, I know how easy it is to choose the wrong food sometimes. This isn’t about only eating salads, it’s about being conscious of what your are eating and ensuring that it is as balance and nutritional as possible.
Deep Tooth Crevices and Enamel Issues
Whilst most of the above focus on lifestyle and habits, some people naturally have deeper grooves and pits in their teeth, which can trap food and bacteria more easily. These areas are harder to clean and more likely to develop decay. Weakened or thin enamel, whether due to genetics or wear, also makes teeth more susceptible. There are things that a Dentist can do, and there is no issue (subject to advise from your Dentist or Hygienist) with seeing a Hygienist for a dental hygiene appointment more frequently, for example considering ‘do I need a dental hygiene clean every 3 months?’.
Age and Dental History
We can’t change our age, as much as many of us would like to! The fact is that children and older adults are at higher risk of cavities. Children’s teeth are softer and more prone to decay, while older adults may suffer from receding gums or dental restorations that can fail over time. The advice for this is be aware of this and change your oral hygiene procedures accordingly. That may be more focus on flossing or using tooth picks, more regular visits to see a Dental Hygienist or Dentist. If you are a parent, it is so important to develop good habits for your children from an early age relating to dentistry and oral health. You can read more in my blog about Top 5 Tips for Looking After Children’s Teeth.
How to Prevent Tooth Decay:
In summary, most dental issues are preventable, and a prevent, rather than a ‘wait until it hurts’ approach to dental issues is always better. Plus, it’s never too late to start better habits.
Top Tips to Prevent Tooth Decay:
Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth
Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks
Visit your dentist regularly for checkups and dental hygiene cleanings (at tooth our new patient dental exam is only £45 and our dental hygiene in London is only £80)
Drink plenty of water (this is good for your body not only your teeth!)
Consider dental sealants for extra protection if advised by your Dentist
In summary, tooth decay is a serious but preventable condition. By understanding what causes tooth decay and taking proactive steps to maintain oral hygiene, you can protect your smile for years to come. Good habits today will save you from painful and costly dental procedures in the future and, I’ve said this before many times…. the reality in dentistry is that once an issue is identified just get it treated – it will never self-heal, it will only get worse, and it will only ever cost you more money.
Delaying is worse for you and for your wallet, so be brave… come see us!
Dr. Anna x